Awk - A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language
(Second Edition)
Alfred V. Aho
Brian W. Kernighan
Peter J. Weinberger
ABSTRACT
Awk is a programming language whose basic
operation is to search a set of files for pat-
terns, and to perform specified actions upon lines
or fields of lines which contain instances of
those patterns. Awk makes certain data selection
and transformation operations easy to express; for
example, the awk program
length > 72
prints all input lines whose length exceeds 72
characters; the program
NF % 2 == 0
prints all lines with an even number of fields;
and the program
{ $1 = log($1); print }
replaces the first field of each line by its loga-
rithm.
Awk patterns may include arbitrary boolean
combinations of regular expressions and of rela-
tional operators on strings, numbers, fields,
variables, and array elements. Actions may include
the same pattern-matching constructions as in pat-
terns, as well as arithmetic and string expres-
sions and assignments, if-else, while, for state-
ments, and multiple output streams.
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This report contains a user's guide, a dis-
cussion of the design and implementation of awk,
and some timing statistics. It supersedes TM-77-
1271-5, dated September 8, 1977.
1. Introduction
Awk is a programming language designed to make many
common information retrieval and text manipulation tasks
easy to state and to perform.
The basic operation of awk is to scan a set of input
lines in order, searching for lines which match any of a set
of patterns which the user has specified. For each pattern,
an action can be specified; this action will be performed on
each line that matches the pattern.
Readers familiar with the UNIX- program grep (see the
grep(1) manual page) will recognize the approach,
although in awk the patterns may be more general than
in grep, and the actions allowed are more involved than
merely printing the matching line. For example, the awk
program
{print $3, $2}
prints the third and second columns of a table in that
order. The program
$2 ~ /A|B|C/
prints all input lines with an A, B, or C in the second
field. The program
$1 != prev { print; prev = $1 }
prints all lines in which the first field is different from
the previous first field.
-------------------------
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1.1. Usage
The command
awk program [files]
executes the awk commands in the string program on the set
of named files, or on the standard input if there are no
files. The statements can also be placed in a file pfile,
and executed by the command
awk -f pfile [files]
See the manual page for awk(1) for details of other options.
1.2. Program Structure
An awk program is a sequence of statements of the form:
pattern { action }
pattern { action }
...
Each line of input is matched against each of the patterns
in turn. For each pattern that matches, the associated
action is executed. When all the patterns have been tested,
the next line is fetched and the matching starts over.
Either the pattern or the action may be left out, but
not both. If there is no action for a pattern, the matching
line is simply copied to the output. (Thus a line which
matches several patterns can be printed several times.) If
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there is no pattern for an action, then the action is per-
formed for every input line. A line which matches no pattern
is ignored.
Since patterns and actions are both optional, actions
must be enclosed in braces to distinguish them from pat-
terns.
1.3. Records and Fields
Awk input is divided into ``records'' terminated by a
record separator. The default record separator is a newline,
so by default awk processes its input a line at a time. The
number of the current record is available in a variable
named NR.
Each input record is considered to be divided into
``fields.'' Fields are normally separated by whitespace -
blanks or tabs - but the input field separator may be
changed, as described below. Fields are referred to as $1,
$2, and so forth, where $1 is the first field, and $0 is the
whole input record itself. Fields may be assigned to. The
number of fields in the current record is available in a
variable named NF.
The variables FS and RS refer to the input field and
record separators; they may be changed at any time to any
single character. The optional command-line argument -Fc may
also be used to set FS to the character c.
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If the record separator is empty, any number of empty
input lines are taken as the record separator, and blanks,
tabs and newlines are treated as field separators.
The variable FILENAME contains the name of the current
input file.
1.4. Printing
An action may have no pattern, in which case the action
is executed for all lines. The simplest action is to print
some or all of a record; this is accomplished by the awk
command print. The awk program
{ print }
prints each record, thus copying the input to the output
intact. More useful is to print a field or fields from each
record. For instance,
print $2, $1
prints the first two fields in reverse order. Items
separated by a comma in the print statement will be
separated by the current output field separator when output.
Items not separated by commas will be concatenated, so
print $1 $2
runs the first and second fields together.
The predefined variables NF and NR can be used; for
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example
{ print NR, NF, $0 }
prints each record preceded by the record number and the
number of fields.
Output may be diverted to multiple files; the program
{ print $1 >"foo1"; print $2 >"foo2" }
writes the first field, $1, on the file foo1, and the second
field on file foo2. The >> notation can also be used:
print $1 >>"foo"
appends the output to the file foo. (In each case, the out-
put files are created if necessary.) The file name can be a
variable or a field as well as a constant; for example,
print $1 >$2
uses the contents of field 2 as a file name. Naturally there
is a limit on the number of output files; currently it is
40.
Similarly, output can be piped into another process (on
UNIX only); for instance,
print | "mail bwk"
mails the output to bwk.
The variables OFS and ORS may be used to change the
Awk - A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language USD:16-7
current output field separator and output record separator.
The output record separator is appended to the output of the
print statement.
Awk also provides the printf statement for output for-
matting:
printf format expr, expr, ...
formats the expressions in the list according to the specif-
ication in format and prints them. For example,
printf "%8.2f %10ld\n", $1, $2
prints $1 as a floating point number 8 digits wide, with two
after the decimal point, and $2 as a 10-digit long decimal
number, followed by a newline. No output separators are pro-
duced automatically; you must add them yourself, as in this
example. The version of printf is identical to that used
with C. See the manual page for printf(3) for further infor-
mation.
2. Patterns
A pattern in front of an action acts as a selector that
determines whether the action is to be executed. A variety
of expressions may be used as patterns: regular expressions,
arithmetic relational expressions, string-valued expres-
sions, and arbitrary boolean combinations of these.
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2.1. BEGIN and END
The special pattern BEGIN matches the beginning of the
input, before the first record is read. The pattern END
matches the end of the input, after the last record has been
processed. BEGIN and END thus provide a way to gain control
before and after processing, for initialization and wrapup.
As an example, the field separator can be set to a
colon by
BEGIN { FS = ":" }
... rest of program ...
Or the input lines may be counted by
END { print NR }
If BEGIN is present, it must be the first pattern; END must
be the last if used.
2.2. Regular Expressions
The simplest regular expression is a literal string of
characters enclosed in slashes, like
/smith/
This is actually a complete awk program which will print all
lines which contain any occurrence of the name ``smith''. If
a line contains ``smith'' as part of a larger word, it will
also be printed, as in
Awk - A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language USD:16-9
blacksmithing
Awk regular expressions include the regular expression
forms found in the UNIX text editor ed(1) and grep(1)
(without back-referencing). In addition, awk allows
parentheses for grouping, | for alternatives, + for ``one or
more'', and ? for ``zero or one'', all as in lex(1). Charac-
ter classes may be abbreviated: [a-zA-Z0-9] is the set of
all letters and digits. As an example, the awk program
/[Aa]ho|[Ww]einberger|[Kk]ernighan/
will print all lines which contain any of the names ``Aho,''
``Weinberger'' or ``Kernighan,'' whether capitalized or not.
Regular expressions (with the extensions listed above)
must be enclosed in slashes, just as in ed(1) and sed(1).
Within a regular expression, blanks and the regular expres-
sion metacharacters are significant. To turn off the magic
meaning of one of the regular expression characters, precede
it with a backslash. An example is the pattern
/\/.*\//
which matches any string of characters enclosed in slashes.
One can also specify that any field or variable matches
a regular expression (or does not match it) with the opera-
tors ~ and !~. The program
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$1 ~ /[jJ]ohn/
prints all lines where the first field matches ``john'' or
``John.'' Notice that this will also match ``Johnson'',
``St. Johnsbury'', and so on. To restrict it to exactly
[jJ]ohn, use
$1 ~ /^[jJ]ohn$/
The caret ^ refers to the beginning of a line or field; the
dollar sign $ refers to the end.
2.3. Relational Expressions
An awk pattern can be a relational expression involving
the usual relational operators <, <=, ==, !=, >=, and >. An
example is
$2 > $1 + 100
which selects lines where the second field is at least 100
greater than the first field. Similarly,
NF % 2 == 0
prints lines with an even number of fields.
In relational tests, if neither operand is numeric, a
string comparison is made; otherwise it is numeric. Thus,
$1 >= "s"
selects lines that begin with an s, t, u, etc. In the
Awk - A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language USD:16-11
absence of any other information, fields are treated as
strings, so the program
$1 > $2
will perform a string comparison.
2.4. Combinations of Patterns
A pattern can be any boolean combination of patterns,
using the operators || (or), && (and), and ! (not). For
example,
$1 >= "s" && $1 < "t" && $1 != "smith"
selects lines where the first field begins with ``s'', but
is not ``smith''. && and || guarantee that their operands
will be evaluated from left to right; evaluation stops as
soon as the truth or falsehood is determined.
2.5. Pattern Ranges
The ``pattern'' that selects an action may also consist
of two patterns separated by a comma, as in
pat1, pat2 { ... }
In this case, the action is performed for each line between
an occurrence of pat1 and the next occurrence of pat2
(inclusive). For example,
/start/, /stop/
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prints all lines between start and stop, while
NR == 100, NR == 200 { ... }
does the action for lines 100 through 200 of the input.
3. Actions
An awk action is a sequence of action statements ter-
minated by newlines or semicolons. These action statements
can be used to do a variety of bookkeeping and string mani-
pulating tasks.
3.1. Built-in Functions
Awk provides a ``length'' function to compute the
length of a string of characters. This program prints each
record, preceded by its length:
{print length, $0}
length by itself is a ``pseudo-variable'' which yields the
length of the current record; length(argument) is a function
which yields the length of its argument, as in the
equivalent
{print length($0), $0}
The argument may be any expression.
Awk also provides the arithmetic functions sqrt, log,
exp, sin, cos, atan2, and int, for square root, base e loga-
rithm, exponential, sine, cosine, arctangent, and integer
Awk - A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language USD:16-13
part of their respective arguments.
The name of one of these built-in functions, without
argument or parentheses, stands for the value of the func-
tion on the whole record. The program
length < 10 || length > 20
prints lines whose length is less than 10 or greater than
20.
The function substr(s, m, n) produces the substring of
s that begins at position m (origin 1) and is at most n
characters long. If n is omitted, the substring goes to the
end of s. The function index(s, t) returns the position
where the string t occurs in s, or zero if it does not.
The function sprintf(fmt, expr, ...) produces the value
of the expression expr, etc., in the printf format specified
by fmt. Thus, for example,
x = sprintf("%8.2f %10ld", $1, $2)
sets x to the string produced by formatting the values of $1
and $2.
See the awk(1) manual page for details of other functions
available.
3.2. Variables, Expressions, and Assignments
Awk variables take on numeric (floating point) or
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string values according to context. For example, in
x = 1
x is clearly a number, while in
x = "smith"
it is clearly a string. Strings are converted to numbers and
vice versa whenever context demands it. For instance,
x = "3" + "4"
assigns 7 to x. Strings which cannot be interpreted as
numbers in a numerical context will generally have numeric
value zero, but it is unwise to count on this behavior.
By default, variables (other than built-ins) are ini-
tialized to the null string, which has numerical value zero;
this eliminates the need for most BEGIN sections. For exam-
ple, the sums of the first two fields can be computed by
{ s1 += $1; s2 += $2 }
END { print s1, s2 }
Arithmetic is done internally in floating point. The
arithmetic operators are +, -, *, /, ^ (exponentiation), and
% (modulus). The C increment ++ and decrement -- operators
are also available, and so are the assignment operators +=,
-=, *=, /=, ^=, and %=. These operators may all be used in
expressions.
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3.3. Field Variables
Fields in awk share essentially all of the properties
of variables - they may be used in arithmetic or string
operations, and may be assigned to. Thus one can replace the
first field with a sequence number like this:
{ $1 = NR; print }
or accumulate two fields into a third, like this:
{ $1 = $2 + $3; print $0 }
or assign a string to a field:
{ if ($3 > 1000)
$3 = "too big"
print
}
which replaces the third field by ``too big'' when it is,
and in any case prints the record.
Field references may be numerical expressions, as in
{ print $i, $(i+1), $(i+n) }
Whether a field is deemed numeric or string depends on con-
text; in ambiguous cases like
if ($1 == $2) ...
fields are treated as strings.
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Each input line is split into fields automatically as
necessary.
It is also possible to split any variable or string into
fields:
n = split(s, a, fs)
splits the string s into array elements a[1], ..., a[n]. The
number of elements found is returned. If the fs argument is
provided, it is used as the field separator; otherwise FS is
used as the separator.
3.4. String Concatenation
Strings may be concatenated. For example
length($1 $2 $3)
returns the length of the first three fields. Or in a print
statement,
print $1 " is " $2
prints the two fields separated by `` is ''. Variables and
numeric expressions may also appear in concatenations.
3.5. Arrays
Array elements are not declared; they spring into
existence by being mentioned. Subscripts may have any non-
null value, including non-numeric strings. As an example of
a conventional numeric subscript, the statement
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x[NR] = $0
assigns the current input record to the NR-th element of the
array x. In fact, it is possible in principle (though
perhaps slow) to process the entire input in a random order
with the awk program
{ x[NR] = $0 }
END { ... program ... }
The first action merely records each input line in the array
x.
Array elements may be named by non-numeric values,
which gives awk a capability rather like the associative
memory of Snobol tables. Suppose the input contains fields
with values like apple, orange, etc. Then the program
/apple/ { x["apple"]++ }
/orange/ { x["orange"]++ }
END { print x["apple"], x["orange"] }
increments counts for the named array elements, and prints
them at the end of the input.
3.6. Flow-of-Control Statements
Awk provides the basic flow-of-control statements if-
else, while, for, and statement grouping with braces, as in
C. We showed the if statement in section 3.3 without
describing it. The condition in parentheses is evaluated; if
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it is true, the statement following the if is done. The else
part is optional.
The while statement is exactly like that of C. For
example, to print all input fields one per line,
i = 1
while (i <= NF) {
print $i
++i
}
The for statement is also exactly that of C:
for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++)
print $i
does the same job as the while statement above.
There is an alternate form of the for statement which
is suited for accessing the elements of an associative
array:
for (i in array)
statement
does statement with i set in turn to each element of array.
The elements are accessed in an apparently random order.
Chaos will ensue if i is altered, or if any new elements are
accessed during the loop.
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The expression in the condition part of an if, while or
for can include relational operators like <, <=, >, >=, ==
(``is equal to''), and != (``not equal to''); regular
expression matches with the match operators ~ and !~; the
logical operators ||, &&, and !; and of course parentheses
for grouping.
The break statement causes an immediate exit from an
enclosing while or for; the continue statement causes the
next iteration to begin.
The statement next causes awk to skip immediately to
the next record and begin scanning the patterns from the
top. The statement exit causes the program to behave as if
the end of the input had occurred.
Comments may be placed in awk programs: they begin with
the character # and end with the end of the line, as in
print x, y # this is a comment
4. Design
The UNIX system already provides several programs that
operate by passing input through a selection mechanism.
Grep, the first and simplest, merely prints all lines which
match a single specified pattern. Egrep provides more gen-
eral patterns, i.e., regular expressions in full generality;
fgrep searches for a set of keywords with a particularly
fast algorithm. sed(1) provides most of the editing
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facilities of the editor ed, applied to a stream of input.
None of these programs provides numeric capabilities, logi-
cal relations, or variables.
Lex (see the lex(1) manual page for further details)
provides general regular expression recognition capabili-
ties, and, by serving as a C program generator, is essen-
tially open-ended in its capabilities. The use of lex, how-
ever, requires a knowledge of C programming, and a lex pro-
gram must be compiled and loaded before use, which
discourages its use for one-shot applications.
Awk is an attempt to fill in another part of the matrix
of possibilities. It provides general regular expression
capabilities and an implicit input/output loop. But it also
provides convenient numeric processing, variables, more gen-
eral selection, and control flow in the actions. It does not
require compilation or a knowledge of C. Finally, awk pro-
vides a convenient way to access fields within lines; it is
unique in this respect.
Awk also tries to integrate strings and numbers com-
pletely, by treating all quantities as both string and
numeric, deciding which representation is appropriate as
late as possible. In most cases the user can simply ignore
the differences.
Most of the effort in developing awk went into deciding
what awk should or should not do (for instance, it doesn't
Awk - A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language USD:16-21
do string substitution) and what the syntax should be (no
explicit operator for concatenation) rather than on writing
or debugging the code. We have tried to make the syntax
powerful but easy to use and well adapted to scanning files.
For example, the absence of declarations and implicit ini-
tializations, while probably a bad idea for a general-
purpose programming language, is desirable in a language
that is meant to be used for tiny programs that may even be
composed on the command line.
In practice, awk usage seems to fall into two broad
categories. One is what might be called ``report genera-
tion'' - processing an input to extract counts, sums, sub-
totals, etc. This also includes the writing of trivial data
validation programs, such as verifying that a field contains
only numeric information or that certain delimiters are
properly balanced. The combination of textual and numeric
processing is invaluable here.
A second area of use is as a data transformer, convert-
ing data from the form produced by one program into that
expected by another. The simplest examples merely select
fields, perhaps with rearrangements.
5. Implementation
The actual implementation of awk uses the language
development tools available on the UNIX operating system.
The grammar is specified with yacc(1); the lexical analysis
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is done by lex(1); the regular expression recognizers are
deterministic finite automata constructed directly from the
expressions. An awk program is translated into a parse tree
which is then directly executed by a simple interpreter.
Awk was designed for ease of use rather than processing
speed; the delayed evaluation of variable types and the
necessity to break input into fields makes high speed diffi-
cult to achieve in any case. Nonetheless, the program has
not proven to be unworkably slow.
Table I below shows the execution (user + system) time
on a PDP-11/70 of the UNIX programs wc, grep, egrep, fgrep,
sed, lex, and awk on the following simple tasks:
1. count the number of lines.
2. print all lines containing ``doug''.
3. print all lines containing ``doug'', ``ken'' or
``dmr''.
4. print the third field of each line.
5. print the third and second fields of each line, in that
order.
6. append all lines containing ``doug'', ``ken'', and
``dmr'' to files ``jdoug'', ``jken'', and ``jdmr'',
respectively.
7. print each line prefixed by ``line-number : ''.
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8. sum the fourth column of a table.
The program wc merely counts words, lines and characters in
its input; we have already mentioned the others. In all
cases the input was a file containing 10,000 lines as
created by the command ls -l; each line has the form
-rw-rw-rw- 1 ava 123 Oct 15 17:05 xxx
The total length of this input is 452,960 characters. Times
for lex do not include compile or load.
As might be expected, awk is not as fast as the spe-
cialized tools wc, sed, or the programs in the grep family,
but is faster than the more general tool lex. In all cases,
the tasks were about as easy to express as awk programs as
programs in these other languages; tasks involving fields
were considerably easier to express as awk programs. Some of
the test programs are shown in awk, sed and lex.
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Task
Program 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
|_______|______|_______|_______|______|______|_______|______|______|
| | | | | | | | | |
| wc | 8.6| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| grep | 11.7| 13.1| | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| egrep | 6.2| 11.5| 11.6| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| fgrep | 7.7| 13.8| 16.1| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| sed | 10.2| 11.6| 15.8| 29.0| 30.5| 16.1| | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| lex | 65.1| 150.1| 144.2| 67.7| 70.3| 104.0| 81.7| 92.8|
| | | | | | | | | |
| awk | 15.0| 25.6| 29.9| 33.3| 38.9| 46.4| 71.4| 31.1|
| | | | | | | | | |
|_______|______|_______|_______|______|______|_______|______|______|
| | | | | | | | | |
Table I. Execution Times of Programs. (Times are in sec.)
The programs for some of these jobs are shown below.
The lex programs are generally too long to show.
AWK:
1. END {print NR}
2. /doug/
3. /ken|doug|dmr/
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4. {print $3}
5. {print $3, $2}
6. /ken/ {print >"jken"}
/doug/ {print >"jdoug"}
/dmr/ {print >"jdmr"}
7. {print NR ": " $0}
8. {sum = sum + $4}
END {print sum}
SED:
1. $=
2. /doug/p
3. /doug/p
/doug/d
/ken/p
/ken/d
/dmr/p
/dmr/d
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4. /[^ ]* [ ]*[^ ]* [ ]*\([^ ]*\) .*/s//\1/p
5. /[^ ]* [ ]*\([^ ]*\) [ ]*\([^ ]*\) .*/s//\2 \1/p
6. /ken/w jken
/doug/w jdoug
/dmr/w jdmr
LEX:
1. %{
int i;
%}
%%
\n i++;
. ;
%%
yywrap() {
printf("%d\n", i);
}
2. %%
^.*doug.*$ printf("%s\n", yytext);
. ;
\n ;