MirBSD manpage: 07.mail(USD)

                             MAIL REFERENCE MANUAL

                                  Kurt Shoens

                                   Revised by

                          Craig Leres and Mark Andrews

                                  Version 5.5

                               December 24, 2022

     1. Introduction

          Mail provides a simple and friendly environment for  sending  and
     receiving mail. It divides incoming mail into its constituent messages
     and allows the user to deal with them in any order.  In  addition,  it
     provides a set of ed-like commands for manipulating messages and send-
     ing mail. Mail offers the user simple editing capabilities to ease the
     composition  of outgoing messages, as well as providing the ability to
     define and send to names which address groups of users.  Finally, Mail
     is  able  to  send  and  receive  messages across such networks as the
     ARPANET, UUCP, and Berkeley network.

          This document describes how to use the Mail program to  send  and
     receive messages.  The reader is not assumed to be familiar with other
     message handling systems, but should  be  familiar  with  the  UNIX[1]
     shell,  the  text  editor,  and some of the common UNIX commands. "The
     UNIX Programmer's Manual," "An Introduction to Csh," and "Text Editing
     with Ex and Vi" can be consulted for more information on these topics.

          A word of explanation is in order here concerning the name  Mail:
     the  original  UNIX  mail program was known as /bin/mail. The BSD mail
     program was called Mail  to  differentiate  it  from  the  older  mail
     ____________________
        [1] UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.

     USD:7-2                                          Mail Reference Manual

     program.
     /bin/mail
     is not included in OpenBSD so there is no ambiguity and the BSD
     mail program is installed as
     /usr/bin/mail;
     /usr/bin/Mail
     is simply a link for backwards compatibility.
     To further confuse the issue, a second link was retained for
     compatibility with SystemV systems,
     mailx.
     In this document, we use the original name, `Mail',
     to refer to any of these.

          Here is how messages are handled: the mail system accepts  incom-
     ing  messages  for  you from other people and collects them in a file,
     called your system mailbox. When you log in, the system  notifies  you
     if  there are any messages waiting in your system mailbox.  If you are
     a csh user, you will be notified when new mail arrives if  you  inform
     the  shell  of  the location of your mailbox.  On OpenBSD, your system
     mailbox is located in the directory /var/mail  in  a  file  with  your
     login name.  If your login name is "sam," then you can make csh notify
     you of new mail by including the following line in your .cshrc file:

         set mail=/var/mail/sam

     When you read your mail using
     Mail,
     it reads your system mailbox and separates that file into the
     individual messages that have been sent to you.  You can then
     read, reply to, delete, or save these messages.
     Each message is marked with its author and the date they sent it.

     2. Common usage

          The Mail  command  has  two  distinct  usages,  according  to
     whether  one  wants to send or receive mail.  Sending mail is sim-
     ple:  to send a message to  a  user  whose  login  name  is,  say,
     "root," use the shell command:

         % Mail root

     then type your message.  When you reach the end of the message, type
     an EOT (Control-D) at the beginning of a line, which will cause
     Mail
     to echo "EOT" and return you to the Shell.  When the user you sent mail
     to next logs in, he will receive the message:

         You have mail.

     to alert him to the existence of your message.

          If, while you are composing the message you decide  that  you
     do  not wish to send it after all, you can abort the letter with a

     Mail Reference Manual                                          USD:7-3

     <Control-C>.
      Typing a single <Control-C>
     causes
     .i Mail
     to print
     .(l
     (Interrupt -- one more to kill letter)
     .)l
     Typing a second
     <Control-C> causes
     .i Mail
     to save your partial letter on the file
     .q dead.letter
     in your home directory and abort the letter.
     Once you have
     sent mail to someone, there is no way to undo the act, so be
     careful.
     .pp
     The message your recipient reads will consist of the message you
     typed, preceded by a line telling who sent the message (your login name)
     and the date and time it
     was sent.
     .pp
     If you want to send the same message to several other people, you can list
     their login names on the command line.
     Thus,
     .(l
     % Mail sam bob john
     Tuition fees are due next Friday.  Don't forget!!
     <Control-D>
     EOT
     %
     .)l
     will send the reminder to sam, bob, and john.
     .pp
     If, when you log in, you see the message,
     .(l
     You have mail.
     .)l
     you can read the mail by typing simply:
     .(l
     % Mail
     .)l
     .i Mail
     will respond by typing its version number and date and then listing
     the messages you have waiting.  Then it will type a prompt and await
     your command.  The messages are assigned numbers starting with 1 -- you
     refer to the messages with these numbers.
     .i Mail
     keeps track of which messages are
     .i new
     (have been sent since you last read your mail) and
     .i read

     USD:7-4                                          Mail Reference Manual

     (have been read by you).  New messages have an
     .b N
     next to them in the header listing and old, but unread messages have
     a
     .b U
     next to them.
     .i Mail
     keeps track of new/old and read/unread messages by putting a
     header field called
     .q Status
     into your messages.
     .pp
     To look at a specific message, use the
     .b type
     command, which may be abbreviated to simply
     .b t .
     For example, if you had the following messages:
     .(l
     N 1 root     Wed Sep 21 09:21  "Tuition fees"
     N 2 sam      Tue Sep 20 22:55
     .)l
     you could examine the first message by giving the command:
     .(l
     type 1
     .)l
     which might cause
     .i Mail
     to respond with, for example:
     .(l
     Message  1:
     From root  Wed Sep 21 09:21:45 1978
     Subject: Tuition fees
     Status: R

     Tuition fees are due next Wednesday.  Don't forget!!

     .)l
     Many
     .i Mail
     commands that operate on messages take a message number as an
     argument like the
     .b type
     command.  For these commands, there is a notion of a current
     message.  When you enter the
     .i Mail
     program, the current message is initially the first one.  Thus,
     you can often omit the message number and use, for example,
     .(l
     t
     .)l
     to type the current message.  As a further shorthand, you can type a message
     by simply giving its message number.  Hence,
     .(l

     Mail Reference Manual                                          USD:7-5

     1
     .)l
     would type the first message.
     .pp
     Frequently, it is useful to read the messages in your mailbox in order,
     one after another.  You can read the next message in
     .i Mail
     by simply typing a newline.  As a special case, you can type a newline
     as your first command to
     .i Mail
     to type the first message.
     .pp
     If, after reading a message, you wish to immediately send a reply,
     you can do so with the
     .b reply
     command.
     .b Reply ,
     like
     .b type ,
     takes a message number as an argument.
     .i Mail
     then begins a message addressed to the user who sent you the message.
     You may then type in your letter in reply, followed by a <Control-D>
     at the beginning of a line, as before.
     .i Mail
     will type EOT, then type the ampersand prompt to indicate its readiness
     to accept another command.  In our example, if, after typing the
     first message, you wished to reply to it, you might give the command:
     .(l
     reply
     .)l
     .i Mail
     responds by typing:
     .(l
     To: root
     Subject: Re: Tuition fees
     .)l
     and waiting for you to enter your letter.
     You are now in the message collection mode described at the beginning
     of this section and
     .i Mail
     will gather up your message up to a <Control-D>.
     Note that it copies the subject
     header from the original message.  This is useful in that correspondence
     about a particular matter will tend to retain the same subject heading,
     making it easy to recognize.  If there are other header fields in
     the message, the information found will also be used.
     For example, if the letter had a
     .q "To:"
     header listing several recipients,
     .i Mail
     would arrange to send your reply to the same people as well.
     Similarly, if the original message contained a

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     .q "Cc:"
     (carbon copies to) field,
     .i Mail
     would send your reply to
     .i those
     users, too.
     .i Mail
     is careful, though, not too send the message to
     .i you ,
     even if you appear in the
     .q "To:"
     or
     .q "Cc:"
     field, unless you ask to be included explicitly.  See section 4 for more
     details.
     .pp
     After typing in your letter, the dialog with
     .i Mail
     might look like the following:
     .(l
     reply
     To: root
     Subject: Tuition fees

     Thanks for the reminder
     EOT
     &
     .)l
     .pp
     The
     .b reply
     command is especially useful for sustaining extended conversations
     over the message system, with other
     .q listening
     users receiving copies of the conversation.  The
     .b reply
     command can be abbreviated to
     .b r .
     .pp
     Sometimes you will receive a message that has been sent to
     several people and wish to reply
     .i only
     to the person who sent it.
     .b Reply
     with a capital
     .b R
     replies to a message, but sends a copy to the sender only.
     .pp
     If you wish, while reading your mail, to send a message to someone,
     but not as a reply to one of your messages, you can send the message
     directly with the
     .b mail
     command, which takes as arguments the names of the recipients you wish

     Mail Reference Manual                                          USD:7-7

     to send to.  For example, to send a message to
     .q frank,
     you would do:
     .(l
     mail frank
     This is to confirm our meeting next Friday at 4.
     EOT
     &
     .)l
     The
     .b mail
     command can be abbreviated to
     .b m .
     .pp
     Normally, each message you receive is saved in the file
     .i mbox
     in your login directory at the time you leave
     .i Mail .
     Often,
     however, you will not want to save a particular message you
     have received because it is only of passing interest.  To avoid
     saving a message in
     .i mbox
     you can delete it using the
     .b delete
     command.  In our example,
     .(l
     delete 1
     .)l
     will prevent
     .i Mail
     from saving message 1 (from root) in
     .i mbox .
     In addition to not saving deleted messages,
     .i Mail
     will not let
     you type them, either.  The effect is to make the message disappear
     altogether, along with its number.  The
     .b delete
     command can be abbreviated to simply
     .b d .
     .pp
     Many features of
     .i Mail
     can be tailored to your liking with the
     .b set
     command.  The
     .b set
     command has two forms, depending on whether you are setting
     a
     .i binary
     option or a
     .i valued

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     option.
     Binary options are either on or off.  For example, the
     .q ask
     option informs
     .i Mail
     that each time you send a message, you want it to prompt you for
     a subject header, to be included in the message.
     To set the
     .q ask
     option, you would type
     .(l
     set ask
     .)l
     .pp
     Another useful
     .i Mail
     option is
     .q hold.
     Unless told otherwise,
     .i Mail
     moves the messages from your system mailbox to the file
     .i mbox
     in your home directory when you leave
     .i Mail .
     If you want
     .i Mail
     to keep your letters in the system mailbox instead, you can set the
     .q hold
     option.
     .pp
     Valued options are values which
     .i Mail
     uses to adapt to your tastes.  For example, the
     .q SHELL
     option tells
     .i Mail
     which shell you like to use, and is specified by
     .(l
     set SHELL=/bin/csh
     .)l
     for example.  Note that no spaces are allowed in
     .q "SHELL=/bin/csh."
     A complete list of the
     .i Mail
     options appears in section 5.
     .pp
     Another important valued option is
     .q crt.
     If you use a fast video terminal, you will find that when you
     print long messages, they fly by too quickly for you to read them.
     With the
     .q crt
     option, you can make

     Mail Reference Manual                                          USD:7-9

     .i Mail
     print any message larger than a given number of lines by sending
     it through a paging program. This program is specified by the
     valued option PAGER.
     If PAGER is not set, a default paginator is used.
     For example, most CRT users with 24-line screens should do:
     .(l
     set crt=24
     .)l
     to paginate messages that will not fit on their screens.
     In the default state, more (default paginator) prints a screenful of
     information, then types ``byte XXX'', where `XXX' represents the number
     of bytes paginated.
     Type a space to see the next screenful.
     .pp
     Another adaptation to user needs that
     .i Mail
     provides is that of
     .i aliases .
     An alias is simply a name which stands for one or more
     real user names.
     .i Mail
     sent to an alias is really sent to the list of real users
     associated with it.  For example, an alias can be defined for the
     members of a project, so that you can send mail to the whole project
     by sending mail to just a single name.  The
     .b alias
     command in
     .i Mail
     defines an alias.  Suppose that the users in a project are
     named Sam, Sally, Steve, and Susan.  To define an alias called
     .q project
     for them, you would use the
     .i Mail
     command:
     .(l
     alias project sam sally steve susan
     .)l
     The
     .b alias
     command can also be used to provide a convenient name for someone
     whose user name is inconvenient.  For example, if a user named
     .q "Bob Anderson"
     had the login name
     .q anderson,"
     you might want to use:
     .(l
     alias bob anderson
     .)l
     so that you could send mail to the shorter name,
     .q bob.
     .pp
     While the

     USD:7-10                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .b alias
     and
     .b set
     commands allow you to customize
     .i Mail ,
     they have the drawback that they must be retyped each time you enter
     .i Mail .
     To make them more convenient to use,
     .i Mail
     always looks for two files when it is invoked.  It first reads
     a system wide file
     .q /etc/mail.rc,
     then a user specific file,
     .q .mailrc,
     which is found in the user's home directory.
     The system wide file
     is maintained by the system administrator and
     contains
     .b set
     commands that are applicable to all users of the system.
     The
     .q .mailrc
     file is usually used by each user to set options the way he likes
     and define individual aliases.
     For example, my .mailrc file looks like this:
     .(l
     set ask nosave SHELL=/bin/csh
     .)l
     As you can see, it is possible to set many options in the
     same
     .b set
     command.  The
     .q nosave
     option is described in section 5.
     .pp
     Mail aliasing is implemented
     at the system-wide level
     by the mail delivery
     system
     .i sendmail .
     These aliases are stored in the file /etc/mail/aliases and are
     accessible to all users of the system.
     The lines in /etc/mail/aliases are of
     the form:
     .(l
     alias: name<1>, name<2>, name<3>
     .)l
     where
     .i alias
     is the mailing list name and the
     .i name<i>
     are the members of the list.  Long lists can be continued onto the next
     line by starting the next line with a space or tab.  Remember that you

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-11

     must execute the command
     .i newaliases
     (as superuser)
     after editing /etc/mail/aliases since the delivery system
     uses an indexed file created by
     .i newaliases .
     .pp
     We have seen that
     .i Mail
     can be invoked with command line arguments which are people
     to send the message to, or with no arguments to read mail.
     Specifying the
     .rb -f
     flag on the command line causes
     .i Mail
     to read messages from a file other than your system mailbox.
     For example, if you have a collection of messages in
     the file
     .q letters
     you can use
     .i Mail
     to read them with:
     .(l
     % Mail -f letters
     .)l
     You can use all
     the
     .i Mail
     commands described in this document to examine, modify, or delete
     messages from your
     .q letters
     file, which will be rewritten when you leave
     .i Mail
     with the
     .b quit
     command described below.
     .pp
     Since mail that you read is saved in the file
     .i mbox
     in your home directory by default, you can read
     .i mbox
     in your home directory by using simply
     .(l
     % Mail -f
     .)l
     .pp
     Normally, messages that you examine using the
     .b type
     command are saved in the file
     .q mbox
     in your home directory if you leave
     .i Mail
     with the

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     .b quit
     command described below.
     If you wish to retain a message in your system mailbox
     you can use the
     .b preserve
     command to tell
     .i Mail
     to leave it there.
     The
     .b preserve
     command accepts a list of message numbers, just like
     .b type
     and may be abbreviated to
     .b pre .
     .pp
     Messages in your system mailbox that you do not examine are
     normally retained in your system mailbox automatically.
     If you wish to have such a message saved in
     .i mbox
     without reading it, you may use the
     .b mbox
     command to have them so saved.  For example,
     .(l
     mbox 2
     .)l
     in our example would cause the second message (from sam)
     to be saved in
     .i mbox
     when the
     .b quit
     command is executed.
     .b Mbox
     is also the way to direct messages to your
     .i mbox
     file if you have set the
     .q hold
     option described above.
     .b Mbox
     can be abbreviated to
     .b mb .
     .pp
     When you have perused all the messages of interest, you can leave
     .i Mail
     with the
     .b quit
     command, which saves the messages you have typed but not
     deleted in the file
     .i mbox
     in your login directory.  Deleted messages are discarded irretrievably,
     and messages left untouched are preserved in your system mailbox so
     that you will see them the next time you type:
     .(l
     % Mail

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-13

     .)l
     The
     .b quit
     command can be abbreviated to simply
     .b q .
     .pp
     If you wish for some reason to leave
     .i Mail
     quickly without altering either your system mailbox or
     .i mbox ,
     you can type the
     .b x
     command (short for
     .b exit ),
     which will immediately return you to the Shell without changing anything.
     .pp
     If, instead, you want to execute a Shell command without leaving
     .i Mail ,
     you
     can type the command preceded by an exclamation point, just as in the
     text editor.  Thus, for instance:
     .(l
     !date
     .)l
     will print the current date without leaving
     .i Mail .
     .pp
     Finally, the
     .b help
     command is available to print out a brief summary of the
     .i Mail
     commands, using only the single character command abbreviations.
     .ds f. mail3.nr
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     .sh 1 "Maintaining folders"
     .pp
     .i Mail
     includes a simple facility for maintaining groups of messages together
     in folders.  This section describes this facility.
     .pp
     To use the folder facility, you must tell
     .i Mail
     where you wish to keep your folders.  Each folder of messages will
     be a single file.  For convenience, all of your folders are kept in
     a single directory of your choosing.  To tell
     .i Mail
     where your folder directory is, put a line of the form
     .(l
     set folder=letters
     .)l
     in your
     .i .mailrc
     file.  If, as in the example above, your folder directory does not
     begin with a `/,'
     .i Mail
     will assume that your folder directory is to be found starting from
     your home directory.  Thus, if your home directory is
     .b /home/person
     the above example told
     .i Mail
     to find your folder directory in
     .b /home/person/letters .
     .pp
     Anywhere a file name is expected, you can use a folder name, preceded
     with `+.'  For example, to put a message into a folder with the
     .b save
     command, you can use:
     .(l
     save +classwork
     .)l
     to save the current message in the
     .i classwork
     folder.  If the
     .i classwork
     folder does not yet exist, it will be created.  Note that messages
     which are saved with the

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-15

     .b save
     command are automatically removed from your system mailbox.
     .pp
     In order to make a copy of a message in a folder without causing
     that message to be removed from your system mailbox, use the
     .b copy
     command, which is identical in all other respects to the
     .b save
     command.  For example,
     .(l
     copy +classwork
     .)l
     copies the current message into the
     .i classwork
     folder and leaves a copy in your system mailbox.
     .pp
     The
     .b folder
     command
     can be used to direct
     .i Mail
     to the contents of a different folder.
     For example,
     .(l
     folder +classwork
     .)l
     directs
     .i Mail
     to read the contents of the
     .i classwork
     folder.  All of the commands that you can use on your system
     mailbox are also applicable to folders, including
     .b type ,
     .b delete ,
     and
     .b reply .
     To inquire which folder you are currently editing, use simply:
     .(l
     folder
     .)l
     .pp
     To list your current set of folders, use the
     .b folders
     command.
     .pp
     To start
     .i Mail
     reading one of your folders, you can use the
     .b -f
     option described in section 2.  For example:
     .(l
     % Mail -f +classwork
     .)l

     USD:7-16                                         Mail Reference Manual

     will cause
     .i Mail
     to read your
     .i classwork
     folder without looking at your system mailbox.
     .ds f. mail4.nr
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     .
     .sh 1 "More about sending mail"
     .sh 2 "Tilde escapes"
     .pp
     While typing in a message to be sent to others, it is often
     useful to be able to invoke the text editor on the partial message,
     print the message, execute a shell command, or do some other
     auxiliary function.
     .i Mail
     provides these capabilities through
     .i "tilde escapes" ,
     which consist of a tilde (~) at the beginning of a line, followed by
     a single character which indicates the function to be performed.  For
     example, to print the text of the message so far, use:
     .(l
     ~p
     .)l

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-17

     which will print a line of dashes, the recipients of your message, and
     the text of the message so far.
     Since
     .i Mail
     requires two consecutive <Control-C>'s to abort a letter, you
     can use a single <Control-C> to abort the output of ~p or any other
     ~ escape without killing your letter.
     .pp
     If you are dissatisfied with the message as
     it stands, you can invoke the text editor on it using the escape
     .(l
     ~e
     .)l
     which causes the message to be copied into a temporary file and an
     instance of the editor to be spawned.  After modifying the message to
     your satisfaction, write it out and quit the editor.
     .i Mail
     will respond
     by typing
     .(l
     (continue)
     .)l
     after which you may continue typing text which will be appended to your
     message, or type <Control-D> to end the message.
     A standard text editor is provided by
     .i Mail .
     You can override this default by setting the valued option
     .q EDITOR
     to something else.  For example, you might prefer:
     .(l
     set EDITOR=/bin/ed
     .)l
     .pp
     Many systems offer a screen editor as an alternative to the standard
     text editor, such as the
     .i vi
     editor from UC Berkeley,
     or
     .i mg ,
     an emacs-like editor.
     To use the screen, or
     .i visual
     editor, on your current message, you can use the escape,
     .(l
     ~v
     .)l
     ~v works like ~e, except that the screen editor is invoked instead.
     A default screen editor is defined by
     .i Mail .
     If it does not suit you, you can set the valued option
     .q VISUAL
     to the path name of a different editor.
     .pp

     USD:7-18                                         Mail Reference Manual

     It is often useful to be able to include the contents of some
     file in your message; the escape
     .(l
     ~r filename
     .)l
     is provided for this purpose, and causes the named file to be appended
     to your current message.
     .i Mail
     complains if the file doesn't exist
     or can't be read.  If the read is successful, the number of lines and
     characters appended to your message is printed, after which you may continue
     appending text.  The filename may contain shell metacharacters like * and ?
     which are expanded according to the conventions of your shell.
     .pp
     As a special case of ~r, the escape
     .(l
     ~d
     .)l
     reads in the file
     .q dead.letter
     in your home directory.  This is often useful since
     .i Mail
     copies the text
     of your message there when you abort a message with <Control-C>.
     .pp
     To save the current text of your message on a file you may use the
     .(l
     ~w filename
     .)l
     escape.
     .i Mail
     will print out the number of lines and characters written
     to the file, after which you may continue appending text to your message.
     Shell metacharacters may be used in the filename, as in ~r and are expanded
     with the conventions of your shell.
     .pp
     If you are sending mail from within
     .i Mail's
     command mode
     you can read a message sent to you into the message
     you are constructing with the escape:
     .(l
     ~m 4
     .)l
     which will read message 4 into the current message, shifted right by
     one tab stop.  You can name any non-deleted message, or list of messages.
     Messages can also be forwarded without shifting by a tab stop with ~f.
     This is the usual way to forward a message.
     .pp
     If, in the process of composing a message, you decide to add additional
     people to the list of message recipients, you can do so with the escape
     .(l
     ~t name1 name2 ...

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-19

     .)l
     You may name as few or many additional recipients as you wish.  Note
     that the users originally on the recipient list will still receive
     the message; you cannot remove someone from the recipient
     list with ~t.
     .pp
     If you wish, you can associate a subject with your message by using the
     escape
     .(l
     ~s Arbitrary string of text
     .)l
     which replaces any previous subject with
     .q "Arbitrary string of text."
     The subject, if given, is sent near the
     top of the message prefixed with
     .q "Subject:"
     You can see what the message will look like by using ~p.
     .pp
     For political reasons, one occasionally prefers to list certain
     people as recipients of carbon copies of a message rather than
     direct recipients.  The escape
     .(l
     ~c name1 name2 ...
     .)l
     adds the named people to the
     .q "Cc:"
     list, similar to ~t.
     Again, you can execute ~p to see what the message will look like.
     .pp
     The escape
     .(l
     ~b name1 name2 ...
     .)l
     adds the named people to the
     .q "Cc:"
     list, but does not make the names visible in the
     .q "Cc:"
     line ("blind" carbon copy).
     .pp
     The recipients of the message together constitute the
     .q "To:"
     field, the subject the
     .q "Subject:"
     field, and the carbon copies the
     .q "Cc:"
     field.  If you wish to edit these in ways impossible with the ~t, ~s, ~c
     and ~b escapes, you can use the escape
     .(l
     ~h
     .)l
     which prints
     .q "To:"
     followed by the current list of recipients and leaves the cursor

     USD:7-20                                         Mail Reference Manual

     (or printhead) at the end of the line.  If you type in ordinary
     characters, they are appended to the end of the current list of
     recipients.  You can also use your erase character to erase back into
     the list of recipients, or your kill character to erase them altogether.
     Thus, for example, if your erase and kill characters are the standard
     (on printing terminals) <Control-H> and <Control-U> keys,
     .(l
     ~h
     To: root kurt^H^H^H^Hbill
     .)l
     would change the initial recipients
     .q "root kurt"
     to
     .q "root bill."
     When you type a newline,
     .i Mail
     advances to the
     .q "Subject:"
     field, where the same rules apply.  Another newline brings you to
     the
     .q "Cc:"
     field, which may be edited in the same fashion.  Another newline
     brings you to the
     .q "Bcc:"
     ("blind" carbon copy) field, which follows the same rules as the "Cc:"
     field.  Another newline
     leaves you appending text to the end of your message.  You can use
     ~p to print the current text of the header fields and the body
     of the message.
     .pp
     To effect a temporary escape to the shell, the escape
     .(l
     ~!command
     .)l
     is used, which executes
     .i command
     and returns you to mailing mode without altering the text of
     your message.  If you wish, instead, to filter the body of your
     message through a shell command, then you can use
     .(l
     ~|command
     .)l
     which pipes your message through the command and uses the output
     as the new text of your message.  If the command produces no output,
     .i Mail
     assumes that something is amiss and retains the old version
     of your message.  A frequently-used filter is the command
     .i fmt ,
     designed to format outgoing mail.
     .pp
     To effect a temporary escape to
     .i Mail
     command mode instead, you can use the

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-21

     .(l
     ~:Mail command
     .)l
     escape.  This is especially useful for retyping the message you are
     replying to, using, for example:
     .(l
     ~:t
     .)l
     It is also useful for setting options and modifying aliases.
     .pp
     If you wish abort the current message, you can use the escape
     .(l
     ~q
     .)l
     This will terminate the current message and return you to the
     shell (or Mail if you were using the mail command).
     If the save option is set, the message will be copied
     to the file
     .q dead.letter
     in your home directory.
     .pp
     If you wish (for some reason) to send a message that contains
     a line beginning with a tilde, you must double it.  Thus, for example,
     .(l
     ~~This line begins with a tilde.
     .)l
     sends the line
     .(l
     ~This line begins with a tilde.
     .)l
     .pp
     Finally, the escape
     .(l
     ~?
     .)l
     prints out a brief summary of the available tilde escapes.
     .pp
     On some terminals (particularly ones with no lower case)
     tilde's are difficult to type.
     .i Mail
     allows you to change the escape character with the
     .q escape
     option.  For example, I set
     .(l
     set escape=]
     .)l
     and use a right bracket instead of a tilde.  If I ever need to
     send a line beginning with right bracket, I double it, just as for ~.
     Changing the escape character removes the special meaning of ~.
     .sh 2 "Network access"
     .pp
     This section describes how to send mail to people on other machines.
     Recall that sending to a plain login name sends mail to that person

     USD:7-22                                         Mail Reference Manual

     on your machine.  If your machine is directly (or sometimes, even,
     indirectly) connected to the Internet, you can send messages to people
     on the Internet using a name of the form
     .(l
     name@host.domain
     .)l
     where
     .i name
     is the login name of the person you're trying to reach,
     .i host
     is the name of the machine on the Internet,
     and
     .i domain
     is the higher-level scope within which the hostname is known, e.g. EDU (for educational
     institutions), COM (for commercial entities), GOV (for governmental agencies),
     ARPA for many other things, BITNET or CSNET for those networks.
     .pp
     If your recipient logs in on a machine connected to yours by
     UUCP (the Bell Laboratories supplied network that communicates
     over telephone lines), sending mail can be a bit more complicated.
     You must know the list of machines through which your message must
     travel to arrive at his site.  So, if his machine is directly connected
     to yours, you can send mail to him using the syntax:
     .(l
     host!name
     .)l
     where, again,
     .i host
     is the name of the machine and
     .i name
     is the login name.
     If your message must go through an intermediary machine first, you
     must use the syntax:
     .(l
     intermediary!host!name
     .)l
     and so on.  It is actually a feature of UUCP that the map of all
     the systems in the network is not known anywhere (except where people
     decide to write it down for convenience).  Talk to your system administrator
     about good ways to get places; the
     .i uuname
     command will tell you systems whose names are recognized, but not which
     ones are frequently called or well-connected.
     .pp
     When you use the
     .b reply
     command to respond to a letter, there is a problem of figuring out the
     names of the users in the
     .q "To:"
     and
     .q "Cc:"
     lists
     .i "relative to the current machine" .

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-23

     If the original letter was sent to you by someone on the local machine,
     then this problem does not exist, but if the message came from a remote
     machine, the problem must be dealt with.
     .i Mail
     uses a heuristic to build the correct name for each user relative
     to the local machine.  So, when you
     .b reply
     to remote mail, the names in the
     .q "To:"
     and
     .q "Cc:"
     lists may change somewhat.
     .sh 2 "Special recipients"
     .pp
     As described previously, you can send mail to either user names or
     .b alias
     names.  It is also possible to send messages directly to files or to
     programs, using special conventions.  If a recipient name has a
     `/' in it or begins with a `+', it is assumed to be the
     path name of a file into which
     to send the message.  If the file already exists, the message is
     appended to the end of the file.  If you want to name a file in
     your current directory (ie, one for which a `/' would not usually
     be needed) you can precede the name with `./'
     So, to send mail to the file
     .q memo
     in the current directory, you can give the command:
     .(l
     % Mail ./memo
     .)l
     If the name begins with a `+,' it is expanded into the full path name
     of the folder name in your folder directory.
     This ability to send mail to files can be used for a variety of
     purposes, such as maintaining a journal and keeping a record of
     mail sent to a certain group of users.  The second example can be
     done automatically by including the full pathname of the record
     file in the
     .b alias
     command for the group.  Using our previous
     .b alias
     example, you might give the command:
     .(l
     alias project sam sally steve susan /usr/project/mail_record
     .)l
     Then, all mail sent to "project" would be saved on the file
     .q /usr/project/mail_record
     as well as being sent to the members of the project.  This file
     can be examined using
     .i "Mail -f" .
     .pp
     It is sometimes useful to send mail directly to a program, for
     example one might write a project billboard program and want to access
     it using

     USD:7-24                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .i Mail .
     To send messages to the billboard program, one can send mail
     to the special name `|billboard' for example.
     .i Mail
     treats recipient names that begin with a `|' as a program to send
     the mail to.  An
     .b alias
     can be set up to reference a `|' prefaced name if desired.
     .i Caveats :
     the shell treats `|' specially, so it must be quoted on the command
     line.  Also, the `| program' must be presented as a single argument to
     mail.  The safest course is to surround the entire name with double
     quotes.  This also applies to usage in the
     .b alias
     command.  For example, if we wanted to alias `rmsgs' to `rmsgs -s'
     we would need to say:
     .(l
     alias rmsgs "| rmsgs -s"
     .)l
     .ds f. mail5.nr
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .sh 1 "Additional features"
     .pp

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-25

     This section describes some additional commands useful for
     reading your mail, setting options, and handling lists of messages.
     .sh 2 "Message lists"
     .pp
     Several
     .i Mail
     commands accept a list of messages as an argument.
     Along with
     .b type
     and
     .b delete ,
     described in section 2,
     there is the
     .b from
     command, which prints the message headers associated with the
     message list passed to it.
     The
     .b from
     command is particularly useful in conjunction with some of the
     message list features described below.
     .pp
     A
     .i "message list"
     consists of a list of message numbers, ranges, and names,
     separated by spaces or tabs.  Message numbers may be either
     decimal numbers, which directly specify messages, or one of the
     special characters
     .q "^" ,
     .q "." ,
     or
     .q "$"
     to specify the first relevant, current, or last
     relevant message, respectively.
     .i Relevant
     here means, for most commands
     .q "not deleted"
     and
     .q "deleted"
     for the
     .b undelete
     command.
     .pp
     A range of messages consists of two message numbers (of the form
     described in the previous paragraph) separated by a dash.
     Thus, to print the first four messages, use
     .(l
     type 1-4
     .)l
     and to print all the messages from the current message to the last
     message, use
     .(l
     type .-$
     .)l

     USD:7-26                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .pp
     A
     .i name
     is a user name.  The user names given in the message list are
     collected together and each message selected by other means
     is checked to make sure it was sent by one of the named users.
     If the message consists entirely of user names, then every
     message sent by one of those users that is
     .i relevant
     (in the sense described earlier)
     is selected.  Thus, to print every message sent to you by
     .q root,
     do
     .(l
     type root
     .)l
     .pp
     As a shorthand notation, you can specify simply
     .q *
     to get every
     .i relevant
     (same sense)
     message.  Thus,
     .(l
     type *
     .)l
     prints all undeleted messages,
     .(l
     delete *
     .)l
     deletes all undeleted messages, and
     .(l
     undelete *
     .)l
     undeletes all deleted messages.
     .pp
     You can search for the presence of a word in subject lines with
     .b / .
     For example, to print the headers of all messages that contain the
     word
     .q PASCAL,
     do:
     .(l
     from /pascal
     .)l
     Note that subject searching ignores upper/lower case differences.
     .sh 2 "List of commands"
     .pp
     This section describes all the
     .i Mail
     commands available when
     receiving mail.
     .ip "-  "

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-27

     The
     .rb -
     command goes to the previous message and prints it.  The
     .rb -
     command may be given a decimal number
     .i n
     as an argument, in which case the
     .i n th
     previous message is gone to and printed.
     .ip "?  "
     Prints a brief summary of commands.
     .ip "!  "
     Used to preface a command to be executed by the shell.
     .ip "Print  "
     Like
     .b print ,
     but also print out ignored header fields.  See also
     print, ignore, and retain.
     Print can be abbreviated to P.
     .ip "Reply or Respond  "
     Note the capital R in the name.
     Frame a reply to one or more messages.
     The reply (or replies if you are using this on multiple messages)
     will be sent ONLY to the person who sent you the message
     (respectively, the set of people who sent the messages you are
     replying to).
     You can
     add people using the ~t, ~c, and ~b
     tilde escapes.  The subject in your reply is formed by prefacing the
     subject in the original message with
     .q "Re:"
     unless it already began thus.
     If the original message included a
     .q "reply-to"
     header field, the reply will go
     .i only
     to the recipient named by
     .q "reply-to."
     You type in your message using the same conventions available to you
     through the
     .b mail
     command.
     The
     .b Reply
     command is especially useful for replying to messages that were sent
     to enormous distribution groups when you really just want to
     send a message to the originator.  Use it often.
     Reply (and Respond) can be abbreviated to R.
     .ip "Type  "
     Identical to the
     .b Print
     command.
     Type can be abbreviated to T.

     USD:7-28                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .ip "alias  "
     Define a name to stand for a set of other names.
     This is used when you want to send messages to a certain
     group of people and want to avoid retyping their names.
     For example
     .(l
     alias project john sue willie kathryn
     .)l
     creates an alias
     .i project
     which expands to the four people John, Sue, Willie, and Kathryn.
     If no arguments are given, all currently-defined aliases are printed.
     If one argument is given, that alias is printed (if it exists).
     Alias can be abbreviated to a.
     .ip "alternates  "
     If you have accounts on several machines, you may find it convenient
     to use /etc/mail/aliases on all the machines except one to direct
     your mail to a single account.
     The
     .b alternates
     command is used to inform
     .i Mail
     that each of these other addresses is really
     .i you .
     .i Alternates
     takes a list of user names and remembers that they are all actually you.
     When you
     .b reply
     to messages that were sent to one of these alternate names,
     .i Mail
     will not bother to send a copy of the message to this other address (which
     would simply be directed back to you by the alias mechanism).
     If
     .i alternates
     is given no argument, it lists the current set of alternate names.
     .b Alternates
     is usually used in the .mailrc file.
     Alternates can be abbreviated to alt.
     .ip "chdir  "
     The
     .b chdir
     command allows you to change your current directory.
     .b Chdir
     takes a single argument, which is taken to be the pathname of
     the directory to change to.  If no argument is given,
     .b chdir
     changes to your home directory.
     Chdir can be abbreviated to c.
     .ip "copy  "
     The
     .b copy
     command does the same thing that
     .b save

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-29

     does, except that it does not mark the messages it is used on
     for deletion when you quit.
     Copy can be abbreviated to co.
     .ip "delete  "
     Deletes a list of messages.  Deleted messages can be reclaimed
     with the
     .b undelete
     command.
     Delete can be abbreviated to d.
     .ip "dp or dt  "
     These
     commands delete the current message and print the next message.
     They are useful for quickly reading and disposing of mail.
     If there is no next message, Mail says ``No more messages.''
     .ip "edit  "
     To edit individual messages using the text editor, the
     .b edit
     command is provided.  The
     .b edit
     command takes a list of messages as described under the
     .b type
     command and processes each by writing it into the file
     Message.i x
     where
     .i x
     is the message number being edited and executing the text editor on it.
     When you have edited the message to your satisfaction, write the message
     out and quit, upon which
     .i Mail
     will read the message back and remove the file.
     .b Edit
     can be abbreviated to
     .b e .
     .ip "else  "
     Marks the end of the then-part of an
     .b if
     statement and the beginning of the
     part to take effect if the condition of the
     .b if
     statement is false.
     .ip "endif  "
     Marks the end of an
     .b if
     statement.
     .ip "exit or xit  "
     Leave
     .i Mail
     without updating the system mailbox or the file you were reading.
     Thus, if you accidentally delete several messages, you can use
     .b exit
     to avoid scrambling your mailbox.
     Exit can be abbreviated to ex or x.
     .ip "file  "

     USD:7-30                                         Mail Reference Manual

     The same as
     .b folder .
     File can be abbreviated to fi.
     .ip "folders  "
     List the names of the folders in your folder directory.
     .ip "folder  "
     The
     .b folder
     command switches to a new mail file or folder.  With no arguments, it
     tells you which file you are currently reading.  If you give
     it an argument, it will write out changes (such as deletions)
     you have made in the current file and read the new file.
     Some special conventions are recognized for the name:
     .(b
     .TS
     .if 0=1 .nr d. 1688-1688-1
     .de 35
     .ps 10
     .vs 40u
     .in 0u
     .if 0 .fi
     .if 1 .ad
     .if 1=0 .na
     ..
     .nf
     .nr #~ 0
     .if n .nr #~ 0.6n
     .ds #d .d
     .if  .ds #d nl
     .fc
     .nr 33 10
     .rm 80 81
     .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .80
     .rm 80
     .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 31 0
     .nr 32 0
     .nr 38 432

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-31

     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
     .nr 38 456
     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
     .nr 38 504
     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
     .nr 38 384
     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
     .nr 38 744
     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
     .81
     .rm 81
     .if 0>=0 .nr 81 0u+2n
     .nr 61 0
     .nr 38 0+0
     .if 0>0 .nr 81 0
     .if 0<0 .nr 61 +(0-0)/2
     .nr 38 1n
     .nr 79 0
     .nr 40 0+(0*0)
     .nr 80 +0
     .nr 41 0+(3*0)
     .nr 81 +0
     .nr 61 +0
     .nr TW 0
     .if t .if 0>1584i .tm Table at line 324 file mail5.nr is too wide - 0 units
     .nr #I 0
     .in +(1584u-0u-0u)/2u
     .fc
     .nr #T 0-1
     .nr #a 0-1
     .eo
     .de T#
     .ds #d .d
     .if  .ds #d nl
     .mk ##
     .nr ## -1v
     .ls 1
     .ls
     ..
     .ec
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     Meaning
     .nr 36 40
     .vs 40u-10p

     .vs 0u
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     Previous file read
     .ta 0u 0u

     USD:7-32                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     Your system mailbox
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     _N_a_m_e's system mailbox
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     Your ~/mbox file
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     Affilerin your folder directory
     .fc
     .nr T. 1
     .T# 1
     .in 0u
     .35
     .TE
     .if 0=0 .nr c. 1800-0-11
     .)b
     Folder can be abbreviated to fo.
     .ip "from  "
     The
     .b from
     command takes a list of messages and prints out the header lines for each one;
     hence
     .(l
     from joe
     .)l
     is the easy way to display all the message headers from "joe."
     From can be abbreviated to f.
     .ip "headers  "
     When you start up
     .i Mail
     to read your mail, it lists the message headers that you have.
     These headers tell you who each message is from, when they were
     received, how many lines and characters each message is, and the
     .q "Subject:"
     header field of each message, if present.  In addition,
     .i Mail
     tags the message header of each message that has been the object
     of the
     .b preserve
     command with a
     .q P.
     Messages that have been
     .b saved
     or
     .b written
     are flagged with a

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-33

     .q *.
     Finally,
     .b deleted
     messages are not printed at all.  If you wish to reprint the current
     list of message headers, you can do so with the
     .b headers
     command.  The
     .b headers
     command (and thus the initial header listing)
     only lists the first so many message headers.
     The number of headers listed depends on the speed of your
     terminal.
     .i Mail
     maintains a notion of the current
     .q window
     into your messages for the purposes of printing headers.
     Use the
     .b z
     command to move forward a window,
     and
     .b z-
     to move back a window.
     You can move
     .i Mail's
     notion of the current window directly to a particular message by
     using, for example,
     .(l
     headers 40
     .)l
     to move
     .i Mail's
     attention to the messages around message 40.
     Headers can be abbreviated to h.
     .ip "help  "
     Print a brief and usually out of date help message about the commands
     in
     .i Mail .
     The
     .i man
     page for
     .i mail
     is usually more up-to-date than either the help message or this manual.
     It is also a synonym for ?.
     .ip "hold  "
     Arrange to hold a list of messages in the system mailbox, instead
     of moving them to the file
     .i mbox
     in your home directory.  If you set the binary option
     .i hold ,
     this will happen by default.
     It does not override the delete command.
     Hold can be abbreviated to ho.
     .ip "if  "

     USD:7-34                                         Mail Reference Manual

     Commands in your
     .q .mailrc
     file can be executed conditionally depending on whether you are
     sending or receiving mail with the
     .b if
     command.  For example, you can do:
     .(l
     if receive
             commands...
     endif
     .)l
     An
     .b else
     form is also available:
     .(l
     if send
             commands...
     else
             commands...
     endif
     .)l
     Note that the only allowed conditions are
     .b receive
     and
     .b send .
     .ip "ignore   "
     .b N.B.:
     .i Ignore
     has been superseded by
     .i retain .
     .br
     Add the list of header fields named to the
     .i "ignore list" .
     Header fields in the ignore list are not printed on your
     terminal when you print a message.  This allows you to suppress
     printing of certain machine-generated header fields, such as
     .i Via
     which are not usually of interest.  The
     .b Type
     and
     .b Print
     commands can be used to print a message in its entirety, including
     ignored fields.
     If
     .b ignore
     is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of ignored fields.
     .ip "inc  "
     Incorporate any new messages that have arrived while mail is being read.
     The new messages are added to the end of the message list,
     and the current message is reset to be the first new mail message.
     This does not renumber the existing message list, nor does it
     cause any changes made so far to be saved.
     .ip "list  "

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-35

     List the valid
     .i Mail
     commands.
     List can be abbreviated to l.
     .. .ip local
     .. Define a list of local names for this host. This command is useful
     .. when the host is known by more than one name. Names in the list
     .. may be qualified be the domain of the host. The first name on the local
     .. list is the
     .. .i distinguished
     .. name of the host.
     .. The names on the local list are used by
     .. .i Mail
     .. to decide which addresses are local to the host.
     .. For example:
     .. .(l
     .. local ucbarpa.BERKELEY.ARPA arpa.BERKELEY.ARPA \
     ..      arpavax.BERKELEY.ARPA r.BERKELEY.ARPA \
     ..      ucb-arpa.ARPA
     .. .)l
     .. From this list we see that
     .. .i "fred@ucbarpa.BERKELEY.ARPA",
     .. .i "harold@arpa.BERKELEY",
     .. and
     .. .i "larry@r"
     .. are all addresses of users on the local host.
     .. The
     .. .b local
     .. command is usually not used be general users since it is designed for
     .. local configuration; it is usually found in the file /usr/lib/Mail.rc.
     .ip "mail  "
     Send mail to one or more people.  If you have the
     .i ask
     option set,
     .i Mail
     will prompt you for a subject to your message.  Then you
     can type in your message, using tilde escapes as described in
     section 4 to edit, print, or modify your message.  To signal your
     satisfaction with the message and send it, type <Control-D> at the
     beginning of a line, or a . alone on a line if you set the option
     .i dot .
     To abort the message, type two interrupt characters (Control-C
     by default) in a row or use the
     .b ~q
     escape.
     The mail command can be abbreviated to m.
     .ip "mbox  "
     Indicate that a list of messages be sent to
     .i mbox
     in your home directory when you quit.  This is the default
     action for messages if you do
     .i not
     have the

     USD:7-36                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .i hold
     option set.
     .ip "more  "
     Takes a message list and invokes the pager on that list.
     .ip "next or +  "
     The
     .b next
     command goes to the next message and types it.  If given a message list,
     .b next
     goes to the first such message and types it.  Thus,
     .(l
     next root
     .)l
     goes to the next message sent by
     .q root
     and types it.  The
     .b next
     command can be abbreviated to simply a newline, which means that one
     can go to and type a message by simply giving its message number or
     one of the magic characters
     .q "^"
     .q "."
     or
     .q "$".
     Thus,
     .(l
     .
     .)l
     prints the current message and
     .(l
     4
     .)l
     prints message 4, as described previously.
     Next can be abbreviated to n.
     .ip "preserve  "
     Same as
     .b hold .
     Cause a list of messages to be held in your system mailbox when you quit.
     Preserve can be abbreviated to pre.
     .ip "print  "
     Print the specified messages. If the
     .b crt
     variable is set, messages longer than the number of lines it indicates
     are paged through the command specified by the PAGER variable.
     The print command can be abbreviated to p.
     .ip "quit  "
     Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved and unwritten messages
     in the user's mbox file in their login directory
     (messages marked as having been read), preserving all
     messages marked with hold or preserve or never referenced
     in their system mailbox.
     Any messages that were deleted, saved, written, or saved to mbox are
     removed from their system mailbox.

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-37

     If new mail has arrived during the session, the message
     ``You have new mail'' is given.  If given while editing a mailbox file
     with the -f flag, then the edit file is rewritten.
     A return to the Shell is effected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails,
     in which case the user can escape with the exit command.
     Quit can be abbreviated to q.
     .ip "reply or respond  "
     Frame a reply to a single message.
     The reply will be sent to the
     person who sent you the message (to which you are replying), plus all
     the people who received the original message, except you.  You can
     add people using the ~t, ~c, and ~b
     tilde escapes.  The subject in your reply is formed by prefacing the
     subject in the original message with
     .q "Re:"
     unless it already began thus.
     If the original message included a
     .q "reply-to"
     header field, the reply will go
     .i only
     to the recipient named by
     .q "reply-to."
     You type in your message using the same conventions available to you
     through the
     .b mail
     command.
     The reply (and respond) command can be abbreviated to r.
     .ip "retain  "
     Add the list of header fields named to the retained list.
     Only the header fields in the retain list
     are shown on your terminal when you print a message.
     All other header fields are suppressed.
     The
     .b Type
     and
     .b Print
     commands can be used to print a message in its entirety.
     If
     .b retain
     is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of
     retained fields.
     .ip "save  "
     It is often useful to be able to save messages on related topics
     in a file.  The
     .b save
     command gives you the ability to do this.  The
     .b save
     command takes as an argument a list of message numbers, followed by
     the name of the file in which to save the messages.  The messages
     are appended to the named file, thus allowing one to keep several
     messages in the file, stored in the order they were put there.
     The filename in quotes, followed by the line
     count and character count is echoed on the user's terminal.

     USD:7-38                                         Mail Reference Manual

     An example of the
     .b save
     command relative to our running example is:
     .(l
     s 1 2 tuitionmail
     .)l
     .b Saved
     messages are not automatically saved in
     .i mbox
     at quit time, nor are they selected by the
     .b next
     command described above, unless explicitly specified.
     Save can be abbreviated to s.
     .ip "saveignore  "
     saveignore is to save what ignore is to print
     and type.
     Header fields thus marked are filtered out when saving a message
     by save or when automatically saving to mbox.
     .ip "saveretain  "
     saveretain is to save what retain is to print
     and type.
     Header fields thus marked are the only ones saved with a message
     when saving by save or when automatically saving to mbox.
     saveretain overrides saveignore.
     .ip "set  "
     Set an option or give an option a value.  Used to customize
     .i Mail .
     Section 5.3 contains a list of the options.  Options can be
     .i binary ,
     in which case they are
     .i on
     or
     .i off ,
     or
     .i valued .
     To set a binary option
     .i option
     .i on ,
     do
     .(l
     set option
     .)l
     To give the valued option
     .i option
     the value
     .i value ,
     do
     .(l
     set option=value
     .)l
     There must be no space before or after the ``='' sign.
     If no arguments are given, all variable values are printed.
     Several options can be specified in a single

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-39

     .b set
     command.
     Set can be abbreviated to se.
     .ip "shell  "
     The
     .b shell
     command allows you to
     escape to the shell.
     .b Shell
     invokes an interactive shell and allows you to type commands to it.
     When you leave the shell, you will return to
     .i Mail .
     The shell used is a default assumed by
     .i Mail ;
     you can override this default by setting the valued option
     .q SHELL,
     eg:
     .(l
     set SHELL=/bin/csh
     .)l
     Shell can be abbreviated to sh.
     .ip "size  "
     Takes a message list and prints out the size in characters of each
     message.
     .ip "source  "
     The
     .b source
     command reads
     .i mail
     commands from a file.  It is useful when you are trying to fix your
     .q .mailrc
     file and you need to re-read it.
     Source can be abbreviated to so.
     .ip "top  "
     The
     .b top
     command takes a message list and prints the first five lines
     of each addressed message.
     If you wish, you can change the number of lines that
     .b top
     prints out by setting the valued option
     .q "toplines."
     On a CRT terminal,
     .(l
     set toplines=10
     .)l
     might be preferred.
     Top can be abbreviated to to.
     .ip "type  "
     Same as print.
     Takes a message list and types out each message on the terminal.
     The type command can be abbreviated to t.
     .ip "unalias

     USD:7-40                                         Mail Reference Manual

     Takes a list of names defined by alias commands and
     discards the remembered groups of users.
     The group names no longer have any significance.
     .ip "undelete
     Takes a message list and marks each message as not
     being deleted.
     Undelete can be abbreviated to u.
     .ip "unread  "
     Takes a message list and marks each message as
     .i not
     having been read.
     Unread can be abbreviated to U.
     .ip "unset  "
     Takes a list of option names and discards their remembered values;
     the inverse of set.
     .ip "visual  "
     It is often useful to be able to invoke one of two editors,
     based on the type of terminal one is using.  To invoke
     a display oriented editor, you can use the
     .b visual
     command.  The operation of the
     .b visual
     command is otherwise identical to that of the
     .b edit
     command.
     .ne 2v+40u
     .sp 40u
     Both the
     .b edit
     and
     .b visual
     commands assume some default text editors.
     The default for
     .q EDITOR
     is
     .i /usr/bin/ex .
     The default for
     .q VISUAL
     is
     .i /usr/bin/vi .
     These default editors can be overridden by the valued options
     .q EDITOR
     and
     .q VISUAL
     for the standard and screen editors.  You might want to do:
     .(l
     set EDITOR=/bin/ed VISUAL=/usr/bin/mg
     .)l
     Visual can be abbreviated to v.
     .ip "write  "
     The
     .b save
     command always writes the entire message, including the headers,

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-41

     into the file.  If you want to write just the message itself, you
     can use the
     .b write
     command.  The
     .b write
     command has the same syntax as the
     .b save
     command, and can be abbreviated to simply
     .b w .
     Thus, we could write the second message by doing:
     .(l
     w 2 file.c
     .)l
     As suggested by this example, the
     .b write
     command is useful for such tasks as sending and receiving
     source program text over the message system.
     The filename in quotes, followed by additional file information,
     is echoed on the user's terminal.
     .ip "z  "
     .i Mail
     presents message headers in windowfuls as described under
     the
     .b headers
     command.
     You can move
     .i Mail's
     attention forward to the next window by giving the
     .(l
     z+
     .)l
     command.  Analogously, you can move to the previous window with:
     .(l
     z-
     .)l
     .sh 2 "Custom options"
     .pp
     Throughout this manual, we have seen examples of binary and valued options.
     This section describes each of the options in alphabetical order, including
     some that you have not seen yet.
     To avoid confusion, please note that the options are either
     all lower case letters or all upper case letters.  When I start a sentence
     such as:
     .q "Ask"
     causes
     .i Mail
     to prompt you for a subject header,
     I am only capitalizing
     .q ask
     as a courtesy to English.
     .ip "EDITOR  "
     The valued option
     .q EDITOR

     USD:7-42                                         Mail Reference Manual

     defines the pathname of the text editor to be used in the
     .b edit
     command and ~e escape.
     If not defined,
     .i /usr/bin/ex
     is used.
     .ip "LISTER  "
     Pathname of the directory lister to use in the folders command.
     Default is /bin/ls.
     .ip "MBOX  "
     The name of the mbox file.
     It can be the name of a folder.
     The default is ``mbox'' in the user's home directory.
     .ip "PAGER  "
     Pathname of the program to use for paginating output when
     it exceeds crt lines.
     A default paginator is used if this option is not defined.
     .ip "SHELL  "
     The valued option
     .q SHELL
     gives the path name of your shell.  This shell is used for the
     .b !
     command and ~! escape.  In addition, this shell expands
     file names with shell metacharacters like * and ? in them.
     .ip "VISUAL  "
     The valued option
     .q VISUAL
     defines the pathname of the screen editor to be used in the
     .b visual
     command
     and ~v escape.
     If not defined,
     .i /usr/bin/vi
     is used.
     .ip "append  "
     The
     .q append
     option is binary and
     causes messages saved in
     .i mbox
     to be appended to the end rather than prepended.
     Normally, Mail will put messages in mbox
     in the same order that the system puts messages in your system mailbox.
     By setting
     .q append,
     you are requesting that
     .i mbox
     be appended to regardless.  It is in any event quicker to append.
     .ip "ask  "
     .q "Ask"
     is a binary option which
     causes
     .i Mail

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-43

     to prompt you for the subject of each message you send.
     If you respond with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent.
     .ip "askbcc  "
     .q Askbcc
     is a binary option which
     causes you to be prompted for additional blind carbon copy recipients at the
     end of each message.  Responding with a newline shows your
     satisfaction with the current list.
     .ip "askcc  "
     .q Askcc
     is a binary option which
     causes you to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients at the
     end of each message.  Responding with a newline shows your
     satisfaction with the current list.
     .ip "autoinc  "
     Causes new mail to be automatically incorporated when it arrives.
     Setting this is similar to issuing the inc command at each prompt,
     except that the current message is not reset when new mail arrives.
     .ip "autoprint  "
     .q Autoprint
     is a binary option which
     causes the
     .b delete
     command to behave like
     .b dp
     -- thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typed
     automatically.  This is useful when quickly scanning and deleting
     messages in your mailbox.
     .ip "crt   "
     The valued option
     .I crt
     is used as a threshold to determine how long a message must
     be before
     .b PAGER
     is used to read it.
     .ip "debug   "
     The binary option
     .q debug
     causes debugging information to be displayed. Use of this
     option is the same as using the -d command line flag.
     .ip "dot  "
     .q Dot
     is a binary option which, if set, causes
     .i Mail
     to interpret a period alone on a line as the terminator
     of the message you are sending.
     .ip "escape  "
     To allow you to change the escape character used when sending
     mail, you can set the valued option
     .q escape.
     Only the first character of the
     .q escape
     option is used, and it must be doubled if it is to appear as

     USD:7-44                                         Mail Reference Manual

     the first character of a line of your message.  If you change your escape
     character, then ~ loses all its special meaning, and need no longer be doubled
     at the beginning of a line.
     .ip "folder  "
     The name of the directory to use for storing folders of messages.
     If this name begins with a `/'
     .i Mail
     considers it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, the folder directory
     is found relative to your home directory.
     .ip "hold  "
     The binary option
     .q hold
     causes messages that have been read but not manually dealt with
     to be held in the system mailbox. This prevents such messages from
     being automatically swept into your mbox file.
     .ip "ignore  "
     The binary option
     .q ignore
     causes <Control-C> characters from your terminal to be ignored and echoed
     as @'s while you are sending mail.  <Control-C> characters retain their
     original meaning in
     .i Mail
     command mode.
     Setting the
     .q ignore
     option is equivalent to supplying the
     .b -i
     flag on the command line as described in section 6.
     .ip "ignoreeof  "
     An option related to
     .q dot
     is
     .q ignoreeof ,
     which makes
     .i Mail
     refuse to accept a <Control-D> as the end of a message.
     .q Ignoreeof
     also applies to
     .i Mail
     command mode.
     .ip "indentprefix  "
     String used by the ~m tilde escape for indenting messages,
     in place of the normal tab character (`^I').
     Be sure to quote the value if it contains spaces or tabs.
     .ip "keep  "
     The
     .q keep
     option causes
     .i Mail
     to truncate your system mailbox instead of deleting it when it
     is empty.  This is useful if you elect to protect your mailbox, which
     you would do with the shell command:
     .(l

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-45

     chmod 600 /var/mail/yourname
     .)l
     where
     .i yourname
     is your login name.  If you do not do this, anyone can probably read
     your mail, although people usually don't.
     .ip "keepsave  "
     When you
     .b save
     a message,
     .i Mail
     usually discards it when you
     .b quit .
     To retain all saved messages, set the
     .q keepsave
     option.
     .ip "metoo  "
     When sending mail to an alias,
     .i Mail
     makes sure that if you are included in the alias, that mail will not
     be sent to you.  This is useful if a single alias is being used by
     all members of the group.  If however, you wish to receive a copy of
     all the messages you send to the alias, you can set the binary option
     .q metoo.
     .ip "noheader  "
     The binary option
     .q noheader
     suppresses the printing of the version and headers when
     .i Mail
     is first invoked. Setting this option is the same as using
     .b -N
     on the command line.
     .ip "nosave  "
     Normally,
     when you abort a message with two <Control-C>'s,
     .i Mail
     copies the partial letter to the file
     .q dead.letter
     in your home directory.  Setting the binary option
     .q nosave
     prevents this.
     .ip "Replyall  "
     Reverses the sense of
     .i reply
     and
     .i Reply
     commands.
     .ip "quiet  "
     The binary option
     .q quiet
     suppresses the printing of the version when
     .i Mail
     is first invoked,

     USD:7-46                                         Mail Reference Manual

     as well as printing the for example
     .q "Message 4:"
     from the
     .b type
     command.
     .ip "record  "
     If you love to keep records, then the
     valued option
     .q record
     can be set to the name of a file to save your outgoing mail.
     Each new message you send is appended to the end of the file.
     .ip "screen  "
     When
     .i Mail
     initially prints the message headers, it determines the number to
     print by looking at the speed of your terminal.  The faster your
     terminal, the more it prints.
     The valued option
     .q screen
     overrides this calculation and
     specifies how many message headers you want printed.
     This number is also used for scrolling with the
     .b z
     command.
     .ip "searchheaders  "
     If this option is set, then a message-list specifier in the form
     ``/x:y'' will expand to all messages containing the substring
     `y' in the header field `x'.
     The string search is case insensitive.
     If `x' is omitted, it will default to the ``Subject'' header field.
     The form ``/to:y'' is a special case, and will expand
     to all messages containing the substring `y' in the ``To'', ``Cc'',
     or ``Bcc'' header fields.
     The check for ``to'' is case sensitive, so that ``/To:y''
     can be used to limit the search for `y' to just the ``To:'' field.
     .ip "sendmail  "
     To use an alternate mail delivery system, set the
     .q sendmail
     option to the full pathname of the program to use.  Note:  this is not
     for everyone!  Most people should use the default delivery system.
     .ip "toplines  "
     The valued option
     .q toplines
     defines the number of lines that the
     .q top
     command will print out instead of the default five lines.
     .ip "verbose  "
     The binary option "verbose" causes
     .i Mail
     to invoke sendmail with the
     .b -v
     flag, which causes it to go into verbose mode and announce expansion
     of aliases, etc. Setting the "verbose" option is equivalent to

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-47

     invoking
     .i Mail
     with the
     .b -v
     flag as described in section 6.
     .ds f. mail6.nr
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     .
     .
     .
     .
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     .
     .
     .
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     .
     .
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     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .
     .sh 1 "Command line options"
     .pp
     This section describes command line options for
     .i Mail
     and what they are used for.
     .ip "-b list  "
     Send blind carbon copies to list.
     .ip "-c list  "
     Send carbon copies to list of users.
     List should be a comma separated list of names.
     .ip "-f file  "
     Show the messages in
     .i file
     instead of your system mailbox.  If
     .i file
     is omitted,

     USD:7-48                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .i Mail
     reads
     .i mbox
     in your home directory.
     .ip -I
     Forces mail to run in interactive mode,
     even when input is not a terminal.
     In particular, the special ~ command character,
     used when sending mail, is only available interactively.
     .ip -i
     Ignore tty interrupt signals.
     This is particularly useful when using mail on noisy phone lines.
     .ip -N
     Suppress the initial printing of headers.
     .ip -n
     Inhibit reading of /etc/mail.rc upon startup.
     .ip "-s string"
     Used for sending mail.
     .i String
     is used as the subject of the message being composed.  If
     .i string
     contains blanks, you must surround it with quote marks.
     .ip "-u name"
     Read
     .i names's
     mail instead of your own.  Unwitting others often neglect to protect
     their mailboxes, but discretion is advised. Essentially,
     .b "-u user"
     is a shorthand way of doing
     .b "-f /var/mail/user".
     .ip "-v"
     Use the
     .b -v
     flag when invoking sendmail. This feature may also be enabled
     by setting the the option "verbose".
     .pp
     The following command line flags are also recognized, but are
     intended for use by programs invoking
     .i Mail
     and not for people.
     .ip -d
     Turn on debugging information.  Not of general interest.
     .ip "-T file"
     Arrange to print on
     .i file
     the contents of the
     .i article-id
     fields of all messages that were either read or deleted.
     .b -T
     is for the
     .i readnews
     program and should NOT be used for reading your mail.
     .ds f. mail7.nr

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-49

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     .
     .sh 1 "Format of messages"
     .pp
     This section describes the format of messages.
     Messages begin with a
     .i from
     line, which consists of the word
     .q From
     followed by a user name, followed by anything, followed by
     a date in the format returned by the
     .i ctime
     library routine described in section 3 of the Unix Programmer's
     Manual.  A possible
     .i ctime
     format date is:
     .(l
     Tue Dec  1 10:58:23 1981
     .)l
     The
     .i ctime
     date may be optionally followed by a single space and a
     time zone indication, which
     should be three capital letters, such as PDT.

     USD:7-50                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .pp
     Following the
     .i from
     line are zero or more
     .i "header field"
     lines.
     Each header field line is of the form:
     .(l
     name: information
     .)l
     .i Name
     can be anything, but only certain header fields are recognized as
     having any meaning.  The recognized header fields are:
     .i article-id ,
     .i bcc ,
     .i cc ,
     .i from ,
     .i reply-to ,
     .i sender ,
     .i subject ,
     and
     .i to .
     Other header fields are also significant to other systems; see,
     for example, the current Arpanet message standard for much more
     information on this topic.
     A header field can be continued onto following lines by making the
     first character on the following line a space or tab character.
     .pp
     If any headers are present, they must be followed by a blank line.
     The part that follows is called the
     .i body
     of the message, and must be ASCII text, not containing null characters.
     Each line in the message body must be no longer than 512 characters and
     terminated with an ASCII newline character.
     If binary data must be passed through the mail system, it is suggested
     that this data be encoded in a system which encodes six bits into
     a printable character (i.e.: uuencode).
     For example, one could use the upper and lower case letters, the digits,
     and the characters comma and period to make up the 64 characters.
     Then, one can send a 16-bit binary number
     as three characters.  These characters should be packed into lines,
     preferably lines about 70 characters long as long lines are transmitted
     more efficiently.
     .pp
     The message delivery system always adds a blank line to the end of
     each message.  This blank line must not be deleted.
     .pp
     The UUCP message delivery system sometimes adds a blank line to
     the end of a message each time it is forwarded through a machine.
     .pp
     It should be noted that some network transport protocols enforce
     limits to the lengths of messages.
     .ds f. mail8.nr

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-51

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     .
     .sh 1 "Glossary"
     .pp
     This section contains the definitions of a few phrases
     peculiar to
     .i Mail .
     .ip "alias"
     An alternative name for a person or list of people.
     .ip "flag"
     An option, given on the command line of
     .i Mail ,
     prefaced with a -.  For example,
     .b -f
     is a flag.
     .ip "header field"
     At the beginning of a message, a line which contains information
     that is part of the structure of the message.  Popular header fields
     include
     .i to ,
     .i cc ,
     and
     .i subject .
     .ip "mail  "

     USD:7-52                                         Mail Reference Manual

     A collection of messages.  Often used in the phrase,
     .q "Have you read your mail?"
     .ip "mailbox"
     The place where your mail is stored, typically in the directory
     /var/mail.
     .ip "message"
     A single letter from someone, initially stored in your
     .i mailbox .
     .ip "message list"
     A string used in
     .i Mail
     command mode to describe a sequence of messages.
     .ip "option"
     A piece of special purpose information used to tailor
     .i Mail
     to your taste.
     Options are specified with the
     .b set
     command.
     .ds f. mail9.nr
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     .
     .sh 1 "Summary of commands, options, and escapes"
     .pp

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-53

     This section gives a quick summary of the
     .i Mail
     commands, binary and valued options, and tilde escapes.
     .pp
     The following table describes the commands:
     .TS
     .if 0=1 .nr d. 2898-2898-1
     .de 35
     .ps 10
     .vs 40u
     .in 0u
     .if 0 .fi
     .if 1 .ad
     .if 1=0 .na
     ..
     .nf
     .nr #~ 0
     .if n .nr #~ 0.6n
     .ds #d .d
     .if  .ds #d nl
     .fc
     .nr 33 10
     .rm 80 81
     .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 240
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 48

     USD:7-54                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 48
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 48
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-55

     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 240
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 240
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 24
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .80
     .rm 80
     .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 264
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 288
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 648
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 864
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 720
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 768
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 744
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 312
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0

     USD:7-56                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 38 768
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 912
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 792
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 984
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 816
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 600
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 240
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 984
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 552
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 984
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 864
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 864
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 864
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 288
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 984
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 816
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 744
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 216
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 384
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 912
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 984
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 576
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 576
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 672
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1008
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 672
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 720

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-57

     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1224
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 336
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1296
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 672
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 312
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 408
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1056
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1272
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1272
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 672
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 648
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 744
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 720
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1440
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 312
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 288
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 600
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 936
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 648
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1008
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1152
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 288
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 1056
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .81
     .rm 81
     .nr 38 1n
     .nr 79 0
     .nr 40 0+(0*0)
     .nr 80 +0

     USD:7-58                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 41 0+(3*0)
     .nr 81 +0
     .nr TW 0
     .if t .if 0>1584i .tm Table at line 101 file mail9.nr is too wide - 0 units
     .nr #I 0
     .in +(1584u-0u-0u)/2u
     .fc
     .nr #T 0-1
     .nr #a 0-1
     .eo
     .de T#
     .ds #d .d
     .if  .ds #d nl
     .mk ##
     .nr ## -1v
     .ls 1
     .ls
     ..
     .ec
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 1
     .nr 35 1m
     _D_e_s_c_r_i_ption
     .nr 36 40
     .vs 40u-10p

     .vs 0u
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
     +Same as next
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     -Back up to previous message
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     ?Print brief summary of Mail commands
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     !Single command escape to shell
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     PTryipnetmessage with ignored fields
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     RReeppllyy to author of message only
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-59

     .nr 35 1m
     RSeasmpeonads Reply
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     TTyyppee message with ignored fields
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     aDleifaisne an alias as a set of user names
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     aLlitsetrnoattheesr names you are known by
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     cChhdainrge working directory, home by default
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     cCooppyy a message to a file or folder
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     dDeelleettee a list of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     dSpame as dt
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     dDtelete current message, type next message
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     eEddiitt a list of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     eSltsaert of else part of conditional; see if
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     eEnnddifof conditional statement; see if
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     eLxeiatve mail without changing anything
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m

     USD:7-60                                         Mail Reference Manual

     fIinlteerrogate/change current mail file
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     fSoalmdeeras file
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     fLoilsdtertshe folders in your folder directory
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     fLriosmt headers of a list of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     hLeiasdtercsurrent window of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     hSealmpe as ?
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     hSoalmde as preserve
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     iCfonditional execution of Mail commands
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     iSgento/reexamine list of ignored header fields
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     iInnccorporate new messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     lLiisstt valid Mail commands
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     mSaeinld mail to specified names
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     mAbrorxange to save a list of messages in mbox
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     mIonrveoke pager on message list

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-61

     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     nGeoxtto next message and type it
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     pArrersaenrgveeto leave list of messages in system mailbox
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     pPrriinntt messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     qLueiatve Mail; update system mailbox, mbox as appropriate
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     rCeopmlpyose a reply to a message
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     rSeasmpeonads reply
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     rSeutpaeirnsedes ignore
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sAapvpeend messages, headers included, on a file
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sLaivsetigonforheeaders to ignore when using the save command
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sLaivsetreotfaihneaders to retain when using the save command
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sSeett binary or valued options
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sIhnevlolke an interactive shell
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sPirzients out size of message list
     .ta 0u 0u

     USD:7-62                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     sRoeuardcemail commands from a file
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     tPorpint first so many (5 by default) lines of list of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     tSyapmee as print
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     uRneamloivaesalias
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     uUnnddeelleettee list of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     uMnarrekasdlist of messages as not been read
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     uUnnsdeotthe operation of a set
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     vIinsvuoakle visual editor on a list of messages
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     wArpipteend messages to a file, don't include headers
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     xSiatme as exit
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3
     .nr 35 1m
     zScroll to next/previous screenful of headers
     .fc
     .nr T. 1
     .T# 1
     .in 0u
     .35
     .TE
     .if 0=0 .nr c. 3418-0-63
     .(b
     .pp
     The following table describes the options.  Each option is

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-63

     shown as being either a binary or valued option.
     .TS
     .if 0=1 .nr d. 3424-3424-1
     .de 35
     .ps 10
     .vs 40u
     .in 0u
     .if 0 .fi
     .if 1 .ad
     .if 1=0 .na
     ..
     .nf
     .nr #~ 0
     .if n .nr #~ 0.6n
     .ds #d .d
     .if  .ds #d nl
     .fc
     .nr 33 10
     .rm 80 81 82
     .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 216
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 72
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144

     USD:7-64                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 216
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 288
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 120
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 312
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 192
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .nr 38 168
     .if 0<0 .nr 80 0
     .80
     .rm 80
     .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 96
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-65

     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0

     USD:7-66                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .nr 38 144
     .if 0<0 .nr 81 0
     .81
     .rm 81
     .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 264
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 816
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 672
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 600
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 1176
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 888
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 960
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 888
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 1032
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 1200
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 1176
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 816
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 744
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 1008
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 744
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 1176
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
     .nr 38 984
     .if 0<0 .nr 82 0
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     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-67

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     .mk ##
     .nr ## -1v
     .ls 1
     .ls
     ..
     .ec
     .ta 0u 0u 0u
     .nr 31 3

     USD:7-68                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 35 1m
     OTDpyetpsiecorniption
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     .vs 0u
     .ta 0u 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
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     EvPDaIltTuhOenRdame of editor for ~e and edit
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     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-69

     abPuirtnioanprtryinnetxt message after delete
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     USD:7-70                                         Mail Reference Manual

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     .ta 0u 0u 0u
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     .ta 0u 0u 0u
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     .ta 0u 0u 0u
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     The following table summarizes the tilde escapes available
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     .TS
     .if 0=1 .nr d. 3842-3842-1
     .de 35
     .ps 10
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     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-71

     .in 0u
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     USD:7-72                                         Mail Reference Manual

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     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-73

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     USD:7-74                                         Mail Reference Manual

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     EADsrecgsaucpmreinptsion
     .nr 36 40
     .vs 40u-10p

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      ̅_E__xmemcauntde shell command
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     .nr 35 1m
      ̅_Abadmden_a_m_es to "blind" Cc: list
     .ta 0u 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .ta 0u 0u 0u
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     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-75

      ̅Pprint message entered so far
     .ta 0u 0u 0u
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     .ta 0u 0u 0u
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     .nr T. 1
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     .TE
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     .)b
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     The following table shows the command line flags that
     .i Mail
     accepts:
     .TS
     .if 0=1 .nr d. 4109-4109-1
     .de 35

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     .ps 10
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     .nr 32 0
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     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-77

     .nr 38 408
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     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
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     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
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     .if 0<0 .nr 32 0
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     .nr 81 +0
     .nr 61 +0
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     .if t .if 0>1584i .tm Table at line 203 file mail9.nr is too wide - 0 units
     .nr #I 0
     .in +(1584u-0u-0u)/2u
     .fc
     .nr #T 0-1
     .nr #a 0-1
     .eo
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     .mk ##
     .nr ## -1v
     .ls 1
     .ls
     ..
     .ec
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2

     USD:7-78                                         Mail Reference Manual

     .nr 35 1m
     FDleasgcription
     .nr 36 40
     .vs 40u-10p

     .vs 0u
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
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     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
     _ATrtfiicle-id's of read/deleted messages to file
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m
     _Rueaudseurser's mail instead of your own
     .ta 0u 0u
     .nr 31 2
     .nr 35 1m

     Mail Reference Manual                                         USD:7-79

     _Ivnvoke sendmail with the -v flag
     .fc
     .nr T. 1
     .T# 1
     .in 0u
     .35
     .TE
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     Notes:
     .b -d
     and
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     are not for human use.
     .ds f. maila.nr
     .
     .
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